India’s urban areas generate over 1.5 lakh tonnes of municipal solid waste every single day, yet the critical question remains: how much of it is truly segregated, processed and kept out of landfills?
At the Clean India 2025 show, a multi-sector panel examined this fundamental gap through the lens of segregation, community participation and sustainable public health solutions. The discussion underscored that zero-landfill goals cannot be achieved through infrastructure alone, but require behavioural change at the household level, structured segregation systems, economic incentives for recovery and stronger integration between urban local bodies, health departments and academic institutions.
Speakers called for a coordinated roadmap that links cleanliness targets directly with urban health outcomes and circular economy models.
Framing the discussion on ‘Segregation, Community Engagement and Sustainable Health Solutions: Towards Self Sustaining Clean Cities’, the panel’s moderator Dr Ajit Salvi, Director of Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (RCUES) of All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG) stated that India no longer needs to look abroad for examples of cleanliness. “We can talk about Surat, Indore, even Navi Mumbai,” he said, adding that smaller towns in Maharashtra have also demonstrated workable models.
India no longer needs to look abroad for models of urban cleanliness. Cities like Indore, Surat and Navi Mumbai demonstrate that consistent segregation, strong municipal systems and community participation can deliver real results.
Dr Ajit Salvi
Urban Local Bodies and the Zero-Landfill Goal
Highlighting the role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) under the Swachh Bharat Mission, Ramdas Kokare, Deputy Municipal Commissioner, Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation stated that the bodies must ensure adequate manpower and sufficient vehicles for door-to-door collection. “Only when there is sufficient quantity of vehicles, door-to-door collection will be possible. Also, segregation must happen during collection itself. Once waste is segregated into maximum possible categories, processing becomes easier and landfill burden reduces. If we segregate at maximum level, there will be no waste at our dumps. We can achieve zero landfill status,” the official said.
However, Ramdas acknowledged resistance at the citizen level. “Many residents believe waste management is the municipality’s responsibility because they pay taxes. People say we pay tax, so this is the BMC’s job,” he noted, emphasising that without citizen participation, source segregation cannot be sustained.
Zero-landfill cities are achievable only when segregation begins at the point of collection. With adequate vehicles, manpower and category-wise sorting, processing becomes easier and the pressure on dumpsites reduces dramatically.
Ramdas Kokare
Urbanisation and Health: The Environmental Link
India’s urban population has grown from 27.7% in 2001 to over 31% in 2011, and is projected to exceed 40% by 2030, according to Census and government projections. This rapid urban expansion has intensified pressure on housing, sanitation systems and waste infrastructure, particularly in densely populated informal settlements where basic amenities often lag behind population growth. In cities like Mumbai, studies have shown that a single community toilet seat may serve 80–85 people — far above recommended norms — underscoring the stress on urban sanitation systems.
Public health research consistently links such environmental conditions with higher risks of water-borne and vector-borne diseases. In rapidly urbanising areas where waste is not properly segregated or collected, exposure pathways multiply — through contaminated water, rodent infestation and mosquito breeding. It was against this urban health backdrop that Dr. Mangala Gomare, Former Executive Health Officer at the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), drew a direct connection between solid waste management, sanitation systems and disease prevention.
According to her, rapid urbanisation leads to unplanned settlements where basic amenities such as toilets, drinking water, solid waste collection and roads are often inadequate. “Health and solid waste management go together,” she asserted, explaining the epidemiological triad of agent, host and environment. “Improperly handled organic waste attracts flies, rodents and mosquitoes, contributing to vector-borne diseases. Poor environmental sanitation can also increase water-borne illnesses such as diarrhoea and typhoid,” the expert said.
Rapid urbanisation without adequate sanitation infrastructure directly impacts public health. Poor waste handling creates breeding grounds for disease vectors, highlighting the inseparable link between environmental hygiene and preventive healthcare.
Dr Mangala Gomare
She further stressed that environment plays a decisive role in disease transmission. “If wet waste is not segregated and rots in open spaces, it creates breeding grounds for pathogens. Biomedical and sanitary waste, if not properly segregated, pose additional hazards. Effective coordination between engineering departments, social sectors and health services is essential to prevent disease outbreaks,” added Dr Gomare.
Public Health, Sanitation and the WASH Imperative
While conducting a session on Urban Sanitation and Public Health – Advancing Clean and Healthy Cities, Rosy Pullan, PhD Scholar and Public Health Expert at the National Institute of Public Health Training and Research, Mumbai, also underscored the critical link between waste management and health.
According to her, technological advancements alone cannot ensure a clean and healthy India unless behavioural change is achieved at the grassroots level.
Highlighting the core issue, Rosy said that while India has “very good technology, expert engineers and innovative people” capable of bringing change in waste management, the real challenge lies in transforming public behaviour. “Public health is about preventing disease before it reaches hospitals — along with promotion and prolonging a healthy life. With life expectancy now reaching the 70s and 80s, age is only a number if you are healthy,” she said.
Technology alone cannot create clean cities. Real transformation requires behavioural change at the grassroots, where households adopt responsible sanitation practices and communities become active participants in maintaining public health
Rosy Pullan
Explaining sanitation as the safe disposal of human waste, she warned that improper disposal leads to illness and remains a prime responsibility. She then elaborated on WASH — Water, Sanitation and Hygiene — calling it a comprehensive umbrella. “Simply constructing toilets is not enough. During rural visits, we often found that toilets were being used as store rooms while open defecation continues due to lack of water, which is an integral part of sanitation,” she said.
Drawing a direct link between WASH and public health, Pullan said more than one million deaths globally occur due to diarrhoea, primarily caused by inadequate WASH. “These are all preventable,” she added.
Urban Gaps, Inequality and Rapid Urbanisation
Turning to urban realities, the expert cited Mumbai where “40% of people lack proper toilets.” While some sections take sanitation for granted, the remaining population struggles for water and sanitation facilities.
Identifying rapid urbanisation as a major challenge, she described Mumbai as a “dreamland” attracting lakhs of migrants daily, many of whom end up in informal settlements without basic services. “These settlements lacking toilets, clean water and safe living conditions, along with polluted water bodies are adversely affecting nearby communities. Real change, must begin at this level and focus on the underserved majority,” she said.
Moving to strategies, Rosy stressed that change must involve top-level planners, mid-level administrators and ground staff working together.
Behavioural Change Beyond “Hammering”
The panel recalled that at the completion of the first phase of the Swachh Bharat Mission in 2019, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had emphasised that financial allocation alone would not achieve cleanliness — behavioural change was critical.
Adv Ashvini Borude, President of Shree Astha Mahila Federation, Mumbai, who works extensively at the community level,echoed this view. “Only repeated messaging does not change behaviour,” she said, arguing that awareness must be structured and practical. “Households must first understand basic segregation — wet waste, dry waste, domestic hazardous waste and e-waste — before moving towards micro-segregation at the society level.”
She explained that once societies segregate waste internally, only a small fraction — sometimes as little as 10%— remains as sanitary waste requiring municipal collection. Proper wrapping of sanitary waste, she stressed, protects sanitation workers from exposure.
Segregation must move beyond awareness campaigns to practical household implementation. When communities adopt systematic waste separation and composting, only a small fraction remains for municipal disposal.
Adv Ashvini Borude
On composting, Adv Ashwini said concerns about foul odour and insects usually arise due to improper carbon–nitrogen balance. With correct guidance, composting can be managed efficiently within societies. She suggested that every municipal ward establish at least one model composting plant so citizens can see the process firsthand. “Incentives may work better than penalties. Instead of relying solely on fines, municipal bodies could offer property tax rebates to societies that practise segregation and composting,” she added.
From Policy to Practice: The Ground Realities of Waste Segregation
While urban sanitation coverage has expanded significantly over the past decade, official Swachh Bharat Mission–Urban dashboards show that source segregation compliance remains uneven across cities, with many urban local bodies still struggling to achieve 100% household-level segregation. Municipal reports indicate that contamination of dry waste streams continues to reduce recycling efficiency and resale value, underscoring the gap between policy intent and ground-level implementation.
As an Executive Engineer at BMC, Pankaj Gonge highlighted that segregation at source cannot succeed without active community support. “Resistance from residents remains a primary hurdle,” he said.
The official stressed that while source segregation is essential, ensuring compliance at the society level is a major challenge. “Monitoring practices consistently across communities requires sustained effort,” he added.
Pankaj further pointed to structural issues, including limited capacity in the private sector. “The number of private operators and their processing capacities are often inadequate, and these need to be enhanced. Infrastructure design and operational systems must also be strengthened to support segregation efforts effectively,” he said.
Another concern, he noted, is the economic viability of sorted waste. “When waste is not properly segregated at the household level — such as separating paper or other dry waste — its resale value declines significantly. If materials are contaminated, there is no resale value,” said Pankaj.
Source segregation remains the weakest link in urban waste systems. Contaminated dry waste loses recycling value, exposing the economic consequences of poor household-level sorting practices.
Pankaj Gonge
He concluded that without household-level segregation, proper monitoring, stronger private-sector capacity and value retention in dry waste streams, achieving effective solid waste management at the community level remains difficult.
Technology Exists, Integration Is Missing
Dr Prashant Bhave, retired Professor and Head of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), stated that the nature of waste has not drastically changed — it remains broadly organic and inorganic, though new streams such as sanitary waste, diapers and e-waste have emerged.
The issue, he argued, is not the absence of technology but gaps in implementation and coordination. “New technologies are available through industry and research institutes, including IITs and universities. Students at the master’s and doctoral levels are already developing composting systems and sustainable waste solutions. However unless revenue models make waste processing financially attractive for ULBs, collectors and industries, adoption will remain limited,” the expert said.
He also advised that academic institutions must partner with urban local bodies more closely.
India already has access to advanced waste processing technologies and research innovations. The real challenge lies in creating viable revenue models and stronger collaboration between municipalities, industry and academic institutions.
Dr Prashant Bhave
Breaking Silos for Clean Cities
While the panellists agreed that segregation was the cornerstone of solid waste management, they cautioned that stakeholders often operate in silos — academic institutions, urban local bodies and industry working independently.
The panel’s consensus was clear: India’s waste challenge is not insurmountable. With maximum segregation, economic incentives, health integration and coordinated institutional action, the vision of garbage-free and healthier cities is within reach.